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For ERAS 2025-2026, an average of 81.8 total applications was submitted by each applicant in the residency Match. Students submitted an average of 36 applications per specialty — meaning applicants applied to an average of just over 2 specialties.
These figures vary widely by specialty, degree type (MD vs. DO), and whether or not a student is classified as an international medical graduate (IMG).
Program signals are a newer piece of the process that allows medical students to identify preferred programs earlier in the Match process. Signals have decreased the number of applications in recent years and lowered the cost of the residency application process.
Let’s talk about how these numbers break down and how you can use them when applying to residency programs to boost your match chances.
Watch our free Residency Specialty Spotlight videos to explore the daily life of residents in various specialties and hear practical advice for navigating the match process in each specialty.
Number of Residency Applications Submitted Per Specialty (2026)
For the 2025/26 cycle, total residency applications are down about 5% — from over 52,000 to just under 50,000. However, an applicant’s average applications submitted per specialty remained steady at around 36.
Below is a table showing the average number of applications submitted by each applicant, per specialty.
| Specialty | U.S. MD | U.S. DO | IMG |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anesthesiology | 33 | 42 | 47 |
| Child Neurology | 27 | 34 | 20 |
| Dermatology | 35 | 32 | 32 |
| Family Medicine | 30 | 38 | 47 |
| General Surgery | 52 | 60 | 73 |
| Internal Medicine | 28 | 46 | 88 |
| Medicine-Pediatrics | 30 | 30 | 9 |
| Neurological Surgery | 62 | 49 | 55 |
| Neurology | 40 | 60 | 51 |
| Orthopaedic Surgery | 39 | 36 | 44 |
| Otolaryngology | 44 | 44 | 41 |
| Pathology | 36 | 50 | 63 |
| Pediatrics | 26 | 40 | 44 |
| Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation | 40 | 47 | 32 |
| Plastic Surgery | 69 | 53 | 45 |
| Psychiatry | 58 | 75 | 64 |
| Radiation Oncology | 38 | 44 | 33 |
| Radiology | 59 | 65 | 52 |
| Thoracic Surgery | 27 | 15 | 16 |
| Urology | 45 | 41 | 47 |
| Vascular Surgery | 53 | 41 | 34 |
Source: Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC)
How Many Residency Programs to Apply To
The ideal number of residency programs you should apply to varies widely depending on a number of factors. If you’re looking for a general number, we recommend you apply to at least 80 programs across 2-3 specialties — or 30-40 applications per specialty.
Here are the biggest factors in deciding your unique number of applications to aim for:
- Your med school’s location: International medical graduates (IMGs) likely need to apply to more programs than U.S. allopathic or osteopathic students. IMGs have a harder time securing interviews, so it’s best to cast a wider net. (Tips on helping IMGs below.)
- Specialties you’re interested in: Different specialties are more or less competitive. Above, you can see the average number of applications students submitted per specialty for the 2026 cycle, broken down by status as a U.S. MD, U.S. DO, or IMG student.
- Competitiveness of your application: You may be able to get away with applying to fewer programs than indicated by the chart above if you have a strong resume. If your application has some gaps, though, you may benefit from sending more applications.
- Competitiveness of the programs: If you plan to apply to highly competitive programs, you may need to submit more applications to maximize your chance of success.
- Other factors: When deciding how many applications to submit, also consider how competitive your BCPM GPA is, your COMLEX or USMLE scores, how many hours of research experience you achieved, and the strength of your extracurriculars and letters of recommendation.
Example: For the best chance of matching into your preferred specialty, you should be in the ballpark of the averages found in that chart. (For instance, if you’re a U.S. DO student interested in anesthesiology, consider applying to roughly 42 programs.)
Don’t forget about application fees. Student loans may cover these, but not always. Consider your financial burden when determining your ideal number of applications. Read more about fee assistance here.
ERAS application fees are as follows:
- First 30 applications per specialty: $11 each
- 31 or more applications: $30 each
Ultimately, your best bet for deciding how many specialties and programs to apply for is 1-on-1 support from a residency Match advisor. A qualified advisor can help maximize your chance of success, given your individual circumstances.
Our Physician Advisors match 99% of US clients and 88% of IMG clients into residency.
Match Competitiveness (Comparing Specialties Over the Years)
Residency admissions have become more competitive since 10 years ago — even though the famous NRMP Match algorithm has remained largely the same. Today’s medical students typically submit more applications than applicants did in 2015.
The growth in submissions has placed a burden on residency program directors, who must sift through ever-increasing piles of applications. The result? First off, AI is being incorporated into the review process. Secondly, more applicants are screened out at a glance, based on GPA and test scores.
For a variety of reasons, here are some of the least competitive specialties:
- Internal medicine
- Family medicine
- Pediatrics
- Emergency medicine
- Psychiatry
- Public health/general preventive medicine
Below is a detailed table of the average applications submitted per student for some of the major fields of medicine, over the years (2015, 2019, 2024, 2026), so you can see the growth rate.
| Specialty | 2015 ERAS Applications | 2019 ERAS Applications | 2024 ERAS Applications | 2026 ERAS Applications |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plastic surgery | 23 | 54 | 65 | 64 |
| Internal medicine | 52 | 62 | 78 | 63 |
| Psychiatry | 35 | 52 | 68 | 63 |
| General surgery | 34 | 52 | 67 | 61 |
| Neurological surgery | 38 | 63 | 70 | 60 |
| Radiology | 28 | 57 | 72 | 58 |
| Neurology | 25 | 39 | 52 | 49 |
| Urology | 57 | 69 | 66 | 44 |
| Otolaryngology | 46 | 64 | 57 | 44 |
| Vascular surgery | 10 | 28 | 44 | 44 |
| Family medicine | 46 | 54 | 47 | 42 |
| Orthopedic surgery | 67 | 74 | 62 | 39 |
| Anesthesiology | 28 | 47 | 60 | 38 |
| Pediatrics | 34 | 41 | 44 | 37 |
| Dermatology | 60 | 72 | 57 | 34 |
| OB-GYN | 40 | 61 | 67 | (not available) |
| Emergency medicine | 35 | 58 | 46 | (not available) |
Source: AAMC
The Impacts of Program Signaling
Residency program signals have been around for six years or so, and the ability to signal preferred programs may be one explanation for the drop in residency applications per student in the last two cycles.
Learn More In-Depth: Signaling Residencies — A Comprehensive Guide
Over 90% of U.S. medical residency programs allow students to signal them, and a majority of program directors report using signals as a major factor in their application review process.
About 97%-98% of applicants now use signals. Across effectively all specialties, signaling increases your chances of getting a medical residency interview invite.
Pro Tip: I strongly recommend you max out your limit of residency program signals (gold, silver, and non-tiered) to ensure you have the best shot at getting an interview at your preferred programs.
Read Next: Medical Resident Salary
Considerations for IMGs
International medical graduates (IMGs) may have a tougher time getting matched because they attended a non-U.S. medical school, including Caribbean medical schools. But there are ways to increase your chances of matching if you’re an IMG, such as submitting more residency applications.
On average, IMGs apply to nearly double the number of residency programs as U.S. medical graduates. Nevertheless, a lower percentage of IMG applicants receive interviews and match offers than U.S. med students.
Pro Tip: I recommend that IMGs apply to 100+ medical residency programs with the goal of securing 8-10 interview invites. That should give you an 80%-90% chance of matching, but that could vary depending on the quality of your application.
IMGs need to consider the following when applying (whereas a U.S. student doesn’t):
- U.S. citizenship — Citizens of the United States who studied medicine abroad are IMGs. They do have a slightly higher chance of matching with their preferred residency than non-citizen IMGs. If you’re a U.S. citizen, you may be able to apply to fewer programs than non-U.S. citizens, perhaps 60-80, depending on your grades.
- U.S. clinical experience (USCE) — Most programs prefer (or require) you to have clinical experience completed in the U.S., including internships, sub-internships, externships, clerkships, or any clinical rotations.
- Visa needs — IMGs are expected to conduct their own research to determine whether a given residency program meets their visa requirements.
- English proficiency — Use your personal statement section to demonstrate strong proficiency in the English language.
- IMG-friendliness — Certain states, specialties, and programs are more IMG-friendly than others. Seek out the most IMG-friendly residency programs to save your limited time while increasing your chance of matching. The IMG-friendliest specialties are usually family medicine, internal medicine, and pediatrics.
Why do IMGs struggle to get interviews? The fact that IMGs are offered fewer interviews is likely due to visa hurdles, English proficiency, intense competition from U.S. graduates, and program directors having a harder time gauging the quality of international graduates.
Read Next: ERAS Timeline Guide
FAQs
The average applicant submits 82 applications but receives an average of only 12 interview invites.
Based on anecdotal data, U.S. DO and MD applicants typically receive 12-16 residency interviews while IMGs get around 8-12 invites. AAMC and the National Resident Matching Program (NRMP) don’t publish official interviews-per-applicant data.
For your fourth-year rotations, you can choose elective rotations that help you explore potential specialties you might want to pursue or “audition” for specialties you know you want to apply for.
Since you’ll likely apply for 2 or 3 specialties, feel free to go for 1 competitive specialty (like dermatology) and 1-2 less competitive specialties (like family medicine).
Depending on the competitiveness of your application, you can select elective rotations in a competitive specialty to boost your chances of a “reach” program, or you can find rotations related to the less competitive specialties to solidify your chances of matching somewhere.
Your board scores strongly impact your residency application’s competitiveness. Even if they’re discouraged from doing so, many program directors screen out applications based on GPA and board scores before holistically reviewing them.
Since USMLE/COMLEX Step 1 is now graded as Pass/Fail, your Step 2 scores are more important than ever.
If your board scores are weak, you can build up your clinical and research hours, strengthen your GPA, and consider a retake.
An optimized residency application strategy includes the following:
- Start planning early in your medical education journey. Budget ahead for interview travel, exam study programs, and application advising.
- Plan whether you’ll take a gap year to boost your resume. It’s not as normal as a gap year before med school, but it can still improve your application.
- Keep your overall GPA above 3.7.
- Keep your BCPM GPA above 3.7.
- Aim for 255+ (USMLE) or 600+ (COMLEX) on your Step 2 board exam.
- Aim for 300+ clinical hours and 200+ research hours.
- Choose less competitive specialties or specialties that you’re particularly suited to.
- Apply to 100 programs across 3 specialties.
- Practice your interview skills with peers and mentors. Plan your answers to commonly asked questions.
- Create your rank order list (ROL) honestly.
- Prepare for the possibility of matching through SOAP.
Increase Your Chances of Matching Into Residency
Almost 10% of U.S. students don’t get matched into residency every year, and over 30% of IMGs don’t get matched. Fortunately, you can improve your match rate with us.
We match 99% of US clients and 88% of IMG clients into residency. Build your application alongside a Physician Advisor with admissions committee experience.
Amar Mandalia, MD
Dr. Mandalia is an accomplished medical writer with multiple manuscripts in peer-reviewed journals and a practicing GI physician in the Orlando area. He is the Admissions Advisor for MedSchoolCoach and has extensive experience helping students get into medical school and residency.
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